November 15, 2020

3 Archetype Characters: Hero - Antihero - Villain

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The figures of the hero and the villain are archetypes of humanity; as such, these paradigms, patterns of behavior or ways of being, acting and living belong to the collective unconscious of humanity. Consciously or unconsciously, they are the inexorable references for all domains of individual, social and institutional life.

This dualism is more apparent in movies: most of them describe a fierce struggle between the villain and the hero, and as the scripts of these films rarely deviate from the archetypes, the audience knows beforehand how the movie will end.

In our investigation into the tridimensionality of realities created by a Trinitarian God, we find this dualism, and we think that there has to be another character in addition to these two. His function is so innocuous, ignored or discreet that he is not even named; but he exists and is as real as the other two character archetypes.

When we deal with electricity, our discourse almost always revolves only around the positive and the negative poles, and we often forget the neutral state. But this middle state is just as important as the other two. The same occurs here: if nothing else, both the villain and the hero need an audience or seek supporters among the people, whom they understand as being neutral, that is, apathetic and indifferent, to either of their causes.

The profiles of the first two main characters of our text are well defined: as we have said, they are the paradigms, archetypes of humanity. The third protagonist, however, has many faces and many names, and is therefore difficult to define; like the zero on the left, he may be taken as nothing or almost nothing, and may not even be an archetype.

Antihero is the name we give him, but he may as well be called or described as: indifferent, disinterested, inept, impassive, insensitive, cold, indolent, inert, changeable, lethargic, discouraged, dispassionate, blasé, tepid, faint-hearted, irresolute, still, passive, lazy, idle, null, observer, spectator, neutral, bystander, and impartial. These are the characteristics that set him apart from both the hero and the villain.

Both in the present and in the historical past, the hero is remembered and loved while the villain is remembered and hated, like Pontius Pilate in the Creed. The apathetic one, on the other hand, is not remembered. He is ignored and, as such, he is neither loved nor hated; in fact, his existence is a nonexistence. He undoes what God has done, that is, God created him out of nothing to be somebody, and as he was a nobody in life, he went back into nothingness.

Politics: hero - villain - voters
Both in times of election, the only time when the peoples have power and are sovereign, and in times of governance, each political party, whether in power or in opposition, seeks to denigrate the other, turning the other into a scapegoat for all the ills and presenting themselves as the hero, saviour of the homeland.

This tactic works and delivers results because the politicians skillfully appeal, use and abuse the archetype that is well-imprinted in the minds of the voters who make up the majority. For the right-wing liberal and conservative parties, which proclaim the value of freedom as absolute, the hero is the individual, the singular person and his freedom; the villain is the State.

For the left-wing parties, Marxist-oriented parties, the hero is the collective, they are the workers, the proletariat and when they are in power, the State; the villain is the bourgeoisie, the capitalists, the rich, the bosses. For today’s populism, the hero is a charismatic leader who deceives and makes the people believe that they themselves are the true hero. The villain is divided into two: an internal one, who is the "status quo" or the corrupt system, and an external one, constituted of terrorists, immigrants, Muslims, etc.

For Trump's America, the internal villain is the political class, which he called "the swamp of Washington", and the root of all evil; the external are the illegal Mexican migrants, murderers, rapists, those at the service of the drug cartels. For Boris Johnson, the internal villain is the European Union which is not democratic and the root of all the evils that afflict the United Kingdom, the external are the Turks, Syrian immigrants, etc.

These politicians give themselves the air of messiahs, redeemers and saviours, making the people believe that they are revolutionaries, and that they interpret and execute the will of the people. But once in power, they are no different from the fascist dictators of the last century: Hitler, Stalin, Mussolini, Franco, Salazar and others. I understand that today’s populism is really a sort of neo-fascism.

This type of leader relies on the total adulation, apathy and blindness of the people, because when reality is not favorable to his cause, he invents an alternative reality and his followers, so accommodating, accept the alternative reality and shun the true reality. The truth is no longer impartial and objective, it is confused with the subjectivity of the leader. To do this, the leader needs to be in continuous communication with the people, bombarding them with his reality and alternate truth. Trump’s continuous tweets are an example of this. The often hammered lie equates to the truth; the little-publicized truth equates to a lie.

A present day proof and sample of this is Donald Trump's assertion one year before he became the president of United States that he could “stand in the middle of Fifth Avenue and shoot somebody” and not “lose any voters”. Other leaders have fallen for lesser crimes and abuses of power, and yet he still remains standing; impunity is characteristic of European and Latin American fascism stemming from the last century, as well as of this neo-fascism called populism

Religion: hero - villain - believers/sinners
Saint Michael the Archangel, defend us in battle. Be our protection against the wickedness and snares of the devil; May God rebuke him, we humbly pray; And do thou, O Prince of the Heavenly Host, by the power of God, thrust into hell Satan and all evil spirits who wander through the world seeking the ruin of souls. Amen.

In the imagery of virtually all religions, God takes on the role of the hero and the devil the role of the villain. The people are faithful when they are aligned with God and sinful when they are aligned with the devil. According to the prayer mentioned above, very popular here in the Archdiocese of Toronto and recited after every Mass in many of its Churches, the devil seems more proactive than God.

Long ago God spoke to our ancestors in many and various ways by the prophets, but in these last days he has spoken to us by a Son, whom he appointed heir of all things, through whom he also created the worlds. Hebrews 1:1-2

According to the letter to the Hebrews, it is common theology that God, at the same time immanent and transcendent, except when he sent his Son, does not act directly in the history of mankind. The prayer to St. Michael seems to suggest that the same does not happen with the demon, this and other evil spirits wander the world to the perdition of souls.

So many years after the theologian Rudolf Bultmann invited us to demystify the gospel, that is, to cleanse it of any and all myths, beliefs and superstitions of the ancient world placed there by the idiosyncrasy and imagination of the biblical authors, the myth of the devil's existence seems to cling to our faith like a tick to a dog.

The devil does not exist, it is the absence of God; darkness does not exist, it is the absence of light; evil does not exist, it is the absence of good. The personification of evil outside of us is a myth; evil exists yes, but in us and not outside of us. We embody evil when we do evil actions or when we stop doing good.

The devil does not tempt us, each “one is tempted by one’s own desire, being lured and enticed by it; then, when that desire has conceived, it gives birth to sin, and that sin, when it is fully grown, gives birth to death”, (James 1, 14-15). Temptation is part of human nature; it comes from within and not from without; we don't need any devil to make us feel inclined and tempted to carry out this or that action.

(...) Do you not see that whatever goes into a person from outside cannot defile, since it enters, not the heart (…) It is what comes out of a person that defiles. For it is from within, from the human heart, that evil intentions come: fornication, theft, murder, adultery, avarice, wickedness, deceit, licentiousness, envy, slander, pride, folly. All these evil things come from within, and they defile a person
. Mark 7:18-23

Evil is like a virus that has infected the whole humanity. Viruses do not exist by themselves; they are parasitic in nature, and therefore always need a host that welcomes them in order to thrive and survive. Original sin can also be compared to a hereditary disease that is passed from parents to children, and from generation to generation. As St. Paul says, when one sinned, all sinned.

We can understand how ordinary people still live their faith with these stereotypes or categories, but for priests, bishops, cardinals and popes to still hold onto this imagery, it is sad. In some way, those who believe in the existence of the devil or demons are polytheists, since the way the devil is described in its essence and existence, it is as if it were the god of evil. The faithful who fall, not once or twice but countless of times, into the traps of these spirits, as the prayer suggests, are at least at that moment, worshipers of the devil as well and, therefore, polytheists.

The hero and the villain within us
Homo simul justus et peccator – Holy, holy, holy, only God is holy. We are always sinners because some degree of sin is always present within us. That is why we are at the same time upright and sinners. If we are not with God, then we are not with anyone else because there is no one else outside of Him. He who does not gather with me scatters, says Jesus in the Gospel (Luke 12:15-26).

Every saint has been and still is a sinner; every sinner can be a saint. There is a villain and a hero within each one of us, and a nobody as well: this all depends on the choices we make at every moment of our lives. In the old movies, only the virtues of the hero and the flaws of the villain are presented. In reality, neither the hero has only virtues, nor the villain only defects; reality is a line drawn from black to white, but between these two primary colors, there are a multitude hues of gray. Therefore, some border more towards black, others more towards white.

Neither a hero nor a villain is born out of a normal life without any problems, it is normally a neutral, apathetic average Joe who comes out from such a life. Both the hero and the villain had a difficult and traumatic past. We see this pattern in movies, and especially in cartoons: Bruce Wayne (Batman) saw his parents murdered. Peter Parker (Spiderman) caused, albeit indirectly, the death of his beloved uncle who raised him; Clark Kent (Superman) is an orphan from a planet where all his loved ones were destroyed.

Movies don't usually reveal the villain’s past so that we don't identify with him, but the villain also had a traumatic past, like the hero, in which he was also a victim. The villain uses his past to consciously or unconsciously justify his negative motivations and actions. We know that victims of sexual abuse are often turned into abusers themselves.

Therefore, both the hero and the villain were victimized in the past and both spend the rest of their lives taking revenge: the hero on those who commit crimes in which he himself was once a victim, finding pleasure in restoring justice, helping the underdog and the underprivileged like he once was, when no one helped him. The villain is an irrecuperable person, since he takes revenge for the evil that was done to him in the past on innocent people in the present, that is, he continually reproduces and perpetuates the injustice and the crime he suffered.

In many films, the storyline presents the hero going on a journey that starts when the hero as a victim meets a master, and serves under him in something akin to an apprenticeship. This is a time of recovery from injuries that forces the victim to face his pain, to overcome the ambitions of revenge, selfishness and personal pride, and compels him to go out of himself, seeing in others the pain he suffered. It is this acquired empathy that will be the engine of his heroic life. Take Nelson Mandela, for example: the time in prison was a time of desert, of coming face to face with himself and with the violent attitudes of the time of youth.

In this sense, the villain is an irrecoverable hero, a person who did not go through this process, or who did not have the possibility to do so, and therefore he remained a victim his whole life and he will reproduce again and again in the present  the crime he suffered in the past. In this way, the righteous will pay for the sinner, just as it happened in his case, when he was made into a victim.

Most of us do not identify fully with either the hero or the villain, but with someone in the middle: the antihero. For this reason, in modern films, the figure of the antihero, which more people can identify with, is almost more common than the figure of the hero, which they find to be predictable and unattainable. In the past, movies exercised an educational and pedagogical function of formation in human ideals in society. In old movies, there were almost no antiheroes: the characters were either heroes or villains.

Today by contrast, movies have almost no heroes or villains, but a countless variants of antiheroes for everyone’s taste. They are people who look like us to subliminally tell us that what we are doing is okay; we forget that "evil of many is consolation of fools", as the proverb says. The film is no longer urging us to grow as human beings, to embrace human values and ideals, but instead, it urges us to stay just as we are. This is the reason for the success of reality television series and soap operas, where everyday life is mirrored, with current characters who are in no way different from us, and who confuse what we are with what we ought to be. Ethics disappear, and everything is fine and acceptable.

The myth of redemptive violence
When the hero uses violent and less conventional methods, such as when he does not trust the judicial system and takes justice into his own hands, he is subliminally telling us that violence redeems, that it is justified and it is the solution to restore justice or solve a problem. The truth is that it is spreading a false myth, because violence begets each time more and more violence, that is, it not only does not solve any problem permanently but it also creates other ones.

From an early age, children are indoctrinated in this system of dominance through the worship and admiration of the figure of the hero in cartoons and later on in movies. An invincible hero opposes a seemingly also invincible villain. Children, young people or even ourselves, consciously identify with the hero. In this case, we have a good concept of who we are. But unconsciously we also identify with the villain, to whom we project our repressed anger, our rebellion and lust, and enjoy our wickedness for three quarters of the film in which evil seems to be winning.

When at last, good prevails over evil at the end of the film, after much effort and suffering, it is as if in our hearts we are able to restore order to our own evils and bad instincts. That's why we love watching movies so much or maybe we need them to keep our aggression under control or at a manageable level. This type of sublimation also happens in sports: it is always preferable for rival groups or countries to clash in stadiums or in Olympic Games than on battlefields.

Films, therefore, function as a liberating catharsis, because the punishment on the villain in the movie corresponds to a self-punishment for our negative tendencies. Salvation is found in our identification with the hero, hence the use of violence against others and against ourselves, as well as the perpetuation of the dominance system are being justified and reinforced.

As in the ancient Roman arenas, where gladiators fought each other to the death and where Christians were devoured by beasts, as well as in today’s bullfighting arenas, violence is not just a means to obtain justice and peace: our culture has made it into a pleasant and gratifying spectacle.

THE HERO
The hero, in the most classic sense of old movies, is usually the main character of the story who seeks to achieve noble and good goals, through just and morally acceptable means. He possesses the admirable qualities found in a human being, such as courage, faith, determination, perseverance and honor, and he often sacrifices his own life to achieve his goals, especially when these have to do with people who need saving.

The heroes of ancient Greece were demigods, that is, they were children of the union between a god and a human being. That's why they had divine characteristics, like Achilles and his superhuman powers. However, they also had an Achilles’ heel, that is, vulnerabilities that made them seem more earthly and susceptible to human weaknesses thus making it easier for us to identify with them.

The hero can be vulnerable, but he has no flaws, especially moral flaws. He is a pure altruist, philanthropist, lover of humanity and of the poor, the humble, the exploited and the victimized, for whom he is willing to give up his life. The hero can also make mistakes, but only because he thought he was doing something right, that is, he can make errors of miscalculation, or accidental mistakes.

Human values in action
The hero is a model of perfection, he embodies human values and applies them in his daily life. He represents our duty to be or what we ought to be, in the way he lives the human nature common to all of us in the best manner possible. It is uplifting to see these human values being practiced by a character, whether in reality, in a movie or in a theater.

Humility – It is the most important quality of the human person, it is the basis of all virtues. When there is humility, many of the other virtues can exist; the lack of humility makes it difficult for other virtues to exist. It is a virtue and the root of all virtues.

The humble person assumes responsibility for mistakes he makes, and he does not seek scapegoats for his guilt. The humble leader sets a good example and does not ask anyone to do what he himself is unwilling to do. The humble leader understands power as service.

Honor – It is to respect our superiors and earn the respect of those under our command. It is the reputation we earn from those we serve and from those who serve us.

Courage – Courage is not the absence of fear; fear is proper to human nature, only a fool does not have it. Courage is the strength that overcomes fear.

Compassion – It is to have mercy in the face of human misery, it is to feel the pain of those who suffer it and to seek to remedy its evil.

Faithfulness/Loyalty – To remain faithful to ourselves and to others when they face adversity.  Never give up on someone, no matter how difficult it is, for as long as it takes: this is the true measure of any great relationship. Be faithful to the word given, to the commitment made, whatever happens.

Honesty - Being true to our word. Being sincere at all times, in all situations, without subterfuge, when we are under observation and when we are alone. It is avoiding all temptation of corruption, of saying one thing and doing another, of having two faces. To be honest is to be true to ourselves.

Prudence - Prudence is the ability to face reality head-on, without allowing emotion or the ego to intrude, and do what is best for everyone.

Magnanimity – It is not to abuse power, it is to forgive and to deny ourselves the right to avenge according to the law of "an eye for an eye, a tooth for a tooth".

Kindness – It manifests itself in a simple smile, a pat on the back, little things that can change a person's life. In addition to gestures, it also manifests itself in acts of charity, according to the circumstances and needs of others.

Patience – It is knowing how to wait for things to happen; "Rome and Pavia were not made in a day", it is to give time to time, respect the time and rhythm of others, as well as accept them as they are.

Generosity – "Love is seen in deeds not in words" says the Spanish proverb. "Words! The wind blows them away," people remember more what we do for them than what we say to them. To be generous is to go out of our way, it is truly to love our neighbor as ourselves, understanding that he has the same rights as us.

Empathy – It is the art or capacity to feel how others feel, to see reality as others see, to imbue ourselves in their situation, to cry with those who cry and to laugh with those who laugh. It is knowing how to communicate to others that we are with them, we feel with them, and with them we seek solution to the problem.

Cooperation – It's working as a team, it's accepting that others have ideas to contribute too; it's failing as a group and succeeding as a group.

Assertiveness – It is the dominance of anger; it is to say what has to be said without criticizing or attacking anyone; it is rejecting sin without rejecting the sinner; it is denouncing injustice without accusing the unjust. It's defending ourselves without attacking others.

Integrity – The upright person is a person who guides his life by human values, to which he gives his absolute allegiance. The upright person is immovable in his convictions which are the result of practice of all virtues.

Conclusion - At any time and in any place, in any situation or in any circumstance, in this or that matter, in this or in that historical fact, the hero uses these virtues, these human values as his breastplate and sword and, therefore, is always successful.

THE VILLAIN
The villain breaks the routine, harmony, and peace, creates a conflict and drags the hero into it. If the hero is usually the protagonist or main character of the story, then the villain is the antagonist who acts against the hero. Also, he does not look for means to achieve his goals, which are usually petty, selfish and revolve around temporal values, pleasure, wealth, luxury, power, fame. Unlike the hero who sacrifices himself for others, the villain sacrifices others for his own good.

The counter-values of the villain
The villain's counter-values are the antithesis of the hero's values. When movies had an educational function in society, that is, when they had stories with a message and not just a bare and raw reproduction of what happens in everyday life, like the soap operas, the reality shows and many current films, the performance of the villain, his goal, his behavior, his works and the consequence of these were as pedagogical as the performance of the hero.

If the hero tells us how we should behave and proves the excellence of this behavior by the happy ending of the film, the villain would surreptitiously tell us how we should not behave and proves it in the aftermath of his bad works, that is, in his own unfortunate end. Today, films have open and sometimes unhappy endings and let us, the spectators, draw our own conclusions. In a way, for the director of the film, whatever the conclusion, message or anti message, we take from the film is acceptable to him.

Proud, arrogant and braggart – He is an offensive demonstration of superiority or self-importance, and arrogant pride. The villain needs to manifest these attitudes towards others to hide his feeling of insignificance towards himself, in order that others do not discover what he knows about himself. Someone rightly said, "When you see a giant in front of you, make sure it's not the shadow of a dwarf." Only those who do not accept and want to disguise their short stature wear high heels.

Selfish – The self-centered person thinks that the world revolves around him. The selfish person shows himself to be superior to others, so others have to serve him. He gives himself an importance that he really does not have. He always seeks his own interest, takes advantage of others and of situations, does not think about the consequences that his behavior can have on others or how he can hurt them, because he suffers from "myopic" empathy, as he does not see well past his own nose.

Dependent – Because of his selfishness, he is dependent on others, he needs them at his service because he cannot do things for himself. He is pessimistic and suspicious, and since he thinks others are like him therefore to attack is the best defense. Others are his enemies a priori, which is why he is always anxious in face to face encounters with others, not being free and independent like the hero.

Dishonest – About sins committed and sins omitted. He tells lies or hides the truth which when he does tells it, it is half-truth; he pretends, makes himself the victim. He hides important information and adds false details to stories and situations. Steals, cheats...

In love with power and control – He has no power or control over himself, over his anger, his passions, and therefore he wants to have power and control over others. He exercises this power and control always to his own benefit, manipulating, blackmailing, punishing, torturing, deceiving, laying and setting traps for others to fall into.

Resentful, vindictive, intolerant, violent – He never forgives and does not even have the sense of justice of "an eye for an eye and a tooth for a tooth", that is, he does not pay in the same currency, always wants to be on top and therefore exceeds the violence that has been done to him, that is, he takes both eyes out from those who took one from him.

Prejudiced – He has opinions about everything and about everyone, opinions that have never seen the light of reason, that is, they have never been analyzed in the light of reason. Blacks are like that, gypsies are like that, English are like that, women... all are opinions about groups of people and about everything in general, guided in life by these prejudices and not by reason or by present reality.

Rationalizes – He finds a justification for everything he does; in this sense, he easily forgives himself for the cruelest of acts. Others are never justified for doing what they do against him, but on the contrary, he is always right. He is like the cat that always lands on its feet.

Envious – For this reason he is also a gossiper, speaks ill of others, criticizes them behind their backs, and never sees good in anyone. But deep down, he wants to have what they have or even be like them.

Greedy - Greedy, he is excessively greedy in everything he does and wants. He wants it all from everything and everyone: to be the center of attention, to have money, wealth, luxury, to enjoy life, relishing all types of pleasures, sex, drugs, food, drink. Life is to be enjoyed, it is short; eat, drink and be merry for tomorrow we die.

Conclusion – Whatever the script, in the movie or in life, the real villain exerts some or many of these flaws, always with the intention of winning and getting the best out of others and out of situations, because fundamentally he finds himself the center of attention and the whole world is indebted to him.

THE ANTIHERO
 
The Bad reputation
In my village without pretention
I have a bad reputation,
Whatever I do is the same
Everyone thinks it is bad

I don't think I do any harm to anybody
For wanting to live outside the flock;

On the day of the national holiday
I stay in my cozy bed,
Music marches to the beat of boots
This is no concern of mine.
In this world there is no greater sin
Than that of not following the flag.
People don't like that
A guy that has his own faith (encore)
Everybody, everybody is looking down on me
Except the blind of course.

When I see an unlucky thief
Chased by a rich man
I trip him up
And the rich man finds himself on the ground
Yet I don’t do any harm to anyone
By letting an apple thief run.
 
George Brassens

The bat
The Eagle, the queen of birds, and the Lion, the king of the beasts, established a truce to the war they had been waging for some time and met one day to decide what to do with the bat. The Eagle denounced the bat's behavior because he joined with the birds when they were victorious, saying that he was like them because he flew. The Lion made the same complaint because when the animals accused him of being a spy bird, he said he was a mammal because he had no beak, but had mouth and teeth, had no feathers but had fur. In the end both the birds and the mammals condemned him to live alone and fly only at night.
Aesop Fables

The aforementioned texts reveal some characteristics or the profile of the antihero, a difficult person to categorize, the black sheep of the family, with much self-love and a certain selfishness without exaggeration. He is the kind who never trouble, trouble, until trouble troubles him! He is opportunistic, seeks his own interest with the least effort and without great harm to others.

The antihero has characteristics of a hero, but also has common traits with a villain: he does not embody ideals like the hero, he is a normal and current character, and is neither good nor bad. He is not selfless like the hero, but rather is selfish like the villain, although he does not descend to as low as the latter nor does he ascend to as high as the former.

One of the greatest difference in relation to the hero is that, while for the hero the ends do not justify the means used to achieve them, however noble they may be, for the antihero the ends do justify the means, however violent and immoral they may be. The antihero considers himself a realist, not an idealist, he seeks practical solutions in the short term, and does not believe in the state justice system which he considers too lenient and ineffective in solving problems.

He acts on the logic of an eye for an eye, a tooth for a tooth. Therefore, he is usually more righteous than fair, matching or even surpassing the villain in the use of violence that he considers fully justified. Selfish and motivated more by self-interest than by common interest, in case of conflict, he never sacrifices self-interest, unlike the hero. If the two interests coincide then all the better and if they don't, he always tries to pull the burning coals to his sardine. The antihero never puts his own life at risk for the sake of others like the hero does.

Between the white of the hero and the black of the villain there are countless shades of grays that correspond to multiple ways of being an antihero. There are examples for all tastes: antiheroes who are closer to heroes and antiheroes who are closer to villains.

As an example of antiheroes, we have the dwarf Tyrion of Game of Thrones, whom many can identify with; he has a certain nobility, but, as they say in Portuguese, he is one of those who only gives a sausage to whoever gives him a pig; everything always has a price, a “quid pro quo”. The antihero is always a person with limitation: he may lack feelings, physical beauty, intelligence, willpower, motivation, virtues, qualities that the hero possesses in abundance

In movies and television series, the hero and the villain are characters so simple and predictable that they provoke some disinterest. The figure of the antihero in today’s movies, on the other hand, is much more complex and difficult to predict in terms of reaction and action. Sometimes his inclination is closer to the villain’s, other times to the hero’s, but he never fits one hundred percent in either mold.
 
The values of the antihero are a personalized mixture of the hero's values and the villain's counter values or flaws. Each antihero has his own blend, depending on his education and the vicissitudes of his life. He is always an ambiguous, complex and mysterious figure, difficult to define because he has traits of both the hero and the villain.

To illustrate this article, I chose the character of Batman as the hero, and Joker as the villain as he acts opposite Batman in a somewhat amusing way, but ruthless in his actions. Finally, we have Jack Sparrow as the antihero, with whom almost everyone identifies for acting or being the symbol of the "aurea mediocritas", that is, of moderation in every sense: he does not set a very high bar for ideals, nor too low when it comes to flaws.

As we have already said, the figure of the multifaceted antihero is the one that dominates the film industry today. Since he reproduces on screen the simple life of the ordinary citizen, it is easier for people to identify with him than with the hero of extraordinary facts and unattainable virtues.

The bar has been lowered, the ideals of self-sacrifice for the other are the things of another era. People no longer want to be meaningful but yes to be happy and to have a good life. If it is necessary to prevaricate, they prevaricate, if it is necessary to break the law in all its provisions, they break the law and hope not to be caught. In a world where truth and practically everything else is relative, anything goes; nobody gives anything for nothing, it's "save yourself if you can" and in whatever way you can.

Conclusion: The time of heroes and villains is behind us, a time when movies had educational purposes. In the world of "50 Shades of Grey" there are many more than 50 profiles of antiheroes.

Fr. Jorge Amaro, IMC













 

November 1, 2020

3 Requirements to be a Man: Tree - Child - Book

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There are three things every person should do in his or her life – plant a tree, have a child, and write a book.  José Martí, Cuban poet (1853-1895)
 
Some phrases become famous because they are spoken by famous people. Any phrase spoken by Einstein or Gandhi, for example, becomes famous "ipso facto" because it has the signature of a famous man, but many of these phrases say little. They are like the mediocre paintings by a famous painter, which despite their mediocrity, they are sold for millions because an intrinsic value is automatically assigned to them.

The author of the tridimensional quote that we chose for the title of this text is not universally known like the authors we mentioned. Therefore, it was not his fame that gave popularity to the quote, it was, on the contrary, the quote that gave popularity to the author.

The popularity of this saying comes from the fact that directly or indirectly it appeals to the truth of our existence. We are spatial-temporal beings who occupy a space for a brief period of time. This is why our life needs a justification, it needs to make sense to us, to God (if we are believers) and to others, that is, our social environment.

It is true that, as it is written, the phrase belongs to José Martí; but it contains an idea that had already been expressed by Muhammad many centuries earlier, and the Cuban poet drew his inspiration from it:

The reward of all the work that the human being does, ends when he dies, except for three things: an ongoing charity, a beneficial wisdom or knowledge, and a faithful son who prays for him when he is in the grave.
Muhammad

Although the truth of the saying, or the original version that inspired Martí, goes beyond what the author himself thought, as it is truly an original and even somewhat unusual thought, it is only fair that we say a word or two about the identity of the author who made it popular.

Who was José Martí
Cuba's national hero and symbol of the struggle for independence from Spain, he is recognized as the most universal thinker of the island of Cuba. Poet, journalist, author, philosopher, politician, soldier and apostle of Cuba's independence from the Spanish rule; in this sense, he inspired other struggles for independence that followed in Latin America. Despite being a great thinker and writer, he did not die of old age doing what he liked, but died young in combat, on May 19, 1895 at the Battle of Dois Rios.  With his effigy, coins were minted in Cuba and today, the International Airport of Havana is named after him.

The lyrics of the internationally famous and popular song “Guantanamera” were written by Martí. The quote that inspired this article is not an isolated case in relation to Martí's work and thought, but is corroborated in the context of so many others that reveal Martí as a great humanist. As José Martí is Cuban, a fierce fighter for freedom and independence of Cuba, we can mistakenly call him a socialist or a communist.

For those who have this temptation, I remind them that Martí was a contemporary of Marx when no communist revolution had yet taken place, and only Fidel Castro's father was alive at the time. In fact, Martí was very critical of Marxist thinking and its system of government. He understood that what was valuable to Europe was not valuable to Central America.

·        Against the dictatorship of the proletariat, he said: The right of the worker should not be hatred of capital, but harmony, conciliation, approximation between the two.

·        Against the abolition of private property, he said:  The nation is rich when it has many small owners.

·        Against the deprivation of freedom which would be one of the characteristics of states that exert communism, as it is still happening in China today, he said:  Freedom is the essence of life, everything that is done without it is imperfect. (...) It is a disgrace to freedom that this becomes a political party.

·        As a humanist, he said:  The human being needs to go out of himself to find rest and to reveal himself. (...)  Racial animosity cannot exist because there are no races (...) Humanity is composed of two classes of men, those who love and create, and those who hate and destroy. (Letter to a Cuban farmer)

Ars longa vita brevis
Art is eternal, our life is brief. Generally speaking, art means all human activities linked to manifestations of aesthetic order. Our concept of art goes beyond materialistic human activity. Inspired by Erich Fromm and his work, The Art of Loving, we understand art as all human activities that cultivate and aim to develop a human value.

Love is an art, dialogue, harmony, non-violence, even peace is an art. The expression Fine Arts in the sense of aesthetic arts, referring exclusively to painting, sculpture, music, dance, theater and literature should disappear, because all arts are aesthetic.

Art is eternal because it refers to the cultivation of a human value. But arts do not cultivate themselves, rather they are cultivated by temporal beings, that is, by us. In my opinion, both from the human point of view and from the point of view of faith, we acquire eternal life insofar as we cultivate values that are eternal.

Mozart and Beethoven, for example, gave their temporality to music, made it progress and raised it to new highs. Picasso did the same with painting, Gandhi and Mandela with nonviolence, etc. Between these authors we mentioned and the art to which they dedicated their lives, there was a symbiotic relationship: they gave their lapsed and mortal temporality to their art, and it in turn rewarded them with its eternity.

When we cultivate eternal values we write our names in the history of mankind, because we acquire a name, a popularity, a fame which in this sense are synonymous with "eternity" and at the same time, we also write our names in the "Book of Life", an expression so often cited in the Bible as synonymous with Heaven and eternal life with God.

By contrast, when we cultivate temporal and lapsed values, that is, when we dedicate our time and energy to cultivate realities such as wealth, power, physical beauty, luxury, ostentation, and physical pleasure in all its forms and possibilities, we alienate our life because we are using it to cultivate death.

If during our lifetime, we use our life to cultivate death, what do we expect to find when death eventually knocks on our doors? It is evident that eternal death is another way of understanding hell. Our temporal life leads to eternal life if we cultivate eternal values, and to eternal death if we cultivate temporal values (that is, if we use temporality (our life) to cultivate more of the same: temporality).

Tempus fugit, carpe diem
This expression, especially the second part, "carpe diem", has been used as a justification for enjoying life to the fullest. However, in the proper context of its former meaning, it means exactly the opposite. It is an exhortation to action: as our time is short, we should not waste it but must make good use of it, overcoming laziness or "dolce fare niente"; "don’t leave for tomorrow what you can do today"; "do it now as sometimes later becomes never".

Time escapes us. Let us make good use of the day to become eternal in the cultivation of the art that our talents point to. In God's mind, no one comes into this world by chance, or by accident. All those who are born, are born because God desired it and they enter into this world with the project that God has outlined for them. In this sense, God gives each one sufficient talents to make his life viable.

It is up to each person to discover them, taking risks and trying things to find out where his talents lie: one will only know if one tries, or "Nothing ventured, nothing gained", a person will only know if he has the talent of singing if he opens his mouth and lets out his voice.

On the other hand, we should not waste our time admiring and even worse envying other people’s talents. While we are focused on their talents, we waste the time we need to discover our own. Worse still, if we try to imitate them, we're pretending to be who we are not. We can only be the best version of ourselves. But when we try to imitate or copy someone else, we are easily outdone by that person's originality. Following the road that has led others to succeed does not in itself guarantee that we will also succeed. Each must follow his own path.

According to José Martí, the three things that we are called to do to justify being born, or to make our lives productive, and leave behind more than what we found, are:

Planting a tree – a clear reference to ecology, to sponsor a development that does not compromise the health of the planet and the lives of those who come after us. It encourages us to overcome the sole care for the present moment and consumerism, or that donkey mentality that says "after I die I don't care whether or not the grass grows, I won’t be eating it". It makes us think of the long term.

Having a child – in Heaven, as Jesus says, people are not given in marriage because there is no death. Because there is death here, there has to be reproduction. But Martí was not only referring to the physical act of continuing the human species, but to the education of this new being that we bring into the world. A new world cannot be formed by old men; a better world cannot be formed by lesser men.

Writing a book – in addition to a book, it can also be a music score, a play, the creation of a vaccine, a scientific discovery etc. After contributing to the improvement of our habitat, which is our planet, making a better world by forming better people, it is now a matter of contributing to the advancement of science and technology, philosophy and all other arts and sciences that will improve the living conditions of future generations.

TREE
"He who before his death planted a tree, did not live in vain." Indian proverb

Last year we wrote about sustainable development and we said that it is one of those tridimensional realities because, in order to be sustainable, any economic development must carefully consider the environmental impact that the project in question will have, and whether it is economically and financially sustainable, profitable and lucrative. Finally, we must consider whom such a project serves, who are the people positively or negatively affected by it, who receives the profits, and whether or not it will create social inequalities.

As we have already dealt with this issue extensively in an article written last year, we reproduce here excerpts taken from two well-articulated speeches on the subject, presented at two historically important ecological forums: first, in Rio de Janeiro given by Fidel Castro in 1992, and second, at the UN General Assembly given by 15-year-old Swedish climate activist Greta Thunberg on September 23, 2019.

Your Excellencies:
An important biological species — humankind — is at risk of disappearing due to the rapid and progressive elimination of its natural habitat. We are becoming aware of this problem when it is almost too late to prevent it. It must be said that consumer societies are chiefly responsible for this appalling environmental destruction.

They were spawned by the former colonial metropolis. They are the offspring of imperial policies which, in turn, brought forth the backwardness and poverty that have become the scourge for the great majority of humankind.

With only 20% of the world’s population, they consume two-thirds of all metals and three-fourths of the energy produced worldwide. They have poisoned the seas and the rivers. They have polluted the air. They have weakened and perforated the ozone layer. They have saturated the atmosphere with gases, altering climatic conditions with the catastrophic effects we are already beginning to suffer. (…)

If we want to save humanity from this self-destruction, wealth and available technologies must be distributed better throughout the planet. Less luxury and less waste in a few countries would mean less poverty and hunger in much of the world. (…)
Make human life more rational. Adopt a just international economic order. Use science to achieve sustainable development without pollution. (…)

Now that the supposed threat of communism has disappeared and there is no more pretext to wage cold wars or continue the arms race and military spending, what then is preventing these resources from going immediately to promote Third World development and fight the ecological destruction threatening the planet?

Enough of selfishness. Enough of schemes of domination. Enough of insensitivity, irresponsibility and deceit. Tomorrow will be too late to do what we should have done a long time ago. Thank you.
Fidel Castro, Rio de Janeiro, 1992

We’re watching you, international leaders. This is all wrong. I shouldn’t be up here. I should be back in school on the other side of the ocean. (…) You have stolen my dreams and my childhood with your empty words. And yet I’m one of the lucky ones. People are suffering. People are dying. Entire ecosystems are collapsing. For more than 30 years, the science has been crystal clear. How dare you continue to look away?

We are in the beginning of a mass extinction. And all you can talk about is money and fairytales of eternal economic growth. (…) the young people are starting to understand your betrayal. (…) The world is waking up. And change is coming, whether you like it or not. Thank you. Greta Thunberg, 15, address to the UN General Assembly, 23 September 2019

The bottom line is that the economy must be rethought, we must abandon the idea that it can grow indefinitely. In a purely physical sense, an economy in continuous growth can only be possible on a planet that is also growing, that is, on a planet where the resources are continuously growing. It goes against the laws of physics or just plain common sense that an economy strongly based and dependent on resources that are finite can grow indefinitely.

The present petty interests of some are preventing us from seeing the problem in its entirety. On November 2, 2019, the indigenous leader Paulo Paulino Guajajara, one of the so-called Guardians of the Forest, a group of indigenous people dedicated to protecting the Amazon rainforest from environmental destruction, was murdered by a group of illegal loggers on the indigenous lands.

According to NASA, on August 16, 2019, an analysis of the satellite data indicated that the total number of fires in the Amazon in 2019 was close to the annual average of the past 15 years. The importance of this forest is linked less to its oxygen production, as most of this comes from marine algae, and more to the absorption of carbon dioxide - the forest is the earth's air filter.

As intelligent as the human race is and as scientific as research on climate change and rising sea levels, flood and drought disasters, contamination of oceans and ecosystems, and diseases that pose a common threat may be, human beings remain selfishly stuck in an attitude of denial, hiding their heads in the sand. Everyone thinks that the worst will not happen in his or her lifetime, like the donkey aforementioned thought, but when that end time comes there will be nothing left that can be done.

"He who plants dates does not reap dates"

The world's best date palms are planted in the world's oldest and lowest city: Jericho. Coincidentally, this palm tree is late in bearing fruit. Hence the proverb that tells us that whoever plants date palms does not get to collect the fruit of his labor, someone else will.

It is this way of thinking that we must adopt in rethinking our world, which is diametrically opposed to the attitude of the donkey that only cared about its own sustenance in the here and now of its existence. Those who eat dates today are eating from the toil of those who planted them and did not get to savour them. This is how we must think about future generations: plant today the dates they are going to eat. We must prepare today the environment where they will live or at the very least, not ruin it for them.

CHILD 

If you want to make peoples, make men. Jose Martí

The previous section was about the kind of world we leave to our children. This section, no less important or worrisome, is about the kind of children we leave to our world. Adults who smooth things out for their children at every turn, even absolving their misconduct, taking all their problems out of their way, solving their smallest problems, do so by telling themselves "I don't want my child to go through what I went through at his age”. In taking this education stand with their children, they forget that they are who they are today because of the hardships they themselves went through as kids.

One of the rules of a good education is to hold the child accountable from the moment he is able to take on a new task or responsibility. If a child is old enough to help around the house then he should be helping; if he can wash the dishes, then he should wash them, if he can make his own bed, then he should make it. If he can already solve small problems as they appear, then he must solve them on his own, because this will make the child grow stronger and be better prepared for more serious and difficult problems that will come in the future.

We gave them all their freedom too soon and neglected, at the same time, to set any limits, that is, never said no to them. Now they do not know what they want, and are incapable of making decisions. They say "I want to keep all my options open" and, in fact, many do keep their options open for most of their lives, without committing to anything or anyone. Many young adults nowadays no longer want to leave their parents' house because they are not ready for life on their own. These young people waste time at this roundabout or intersection in life, and before they know it, at the age of 30 or older, they still do not know what to do with their life.

Because they do not decide or make a commitment, the State is obliged to create laws that consider them married when they live together for a certain period of time, activating divorce if they decide to separate. Choosing means saying yes to one path and no to all others. Eventually, many of these individuals become parents when they are old enough to be grandparents.

Absent parents
Failures of children are almost always the responsibility of the parents. The school is the same for everyone, the streets too, what makes a boy or girl fail in school and dropout, or worse, join a street gang and become victimized by others or fall into the world of illicit drugs, juvenile delinquency or having sex too early, is the education that he or she receives at home. This can either strengthen or weaken the young person to face the school and the street environments, which are always more hostile compared to the home environment where he or she receives unconditional love.

Many parents not prepared to be such and therefore, end up repeating the same mistakes their own parents made with them. This world attaches a great importance to the technical and professional preparation of workers, but none to education. There are no courses for learning how to be a good parent. The child is abandoned, lives abandoned. He spends most of his time in school where he is not educated but only formed professionally. He comes home late and tired, just like the other members of the family. There is only time for dinner and sleep, because he has to get up early the next day.

Despite the millions of years of evolution that separate us from the primates and other mammals, the human family is still very much a single-parent family, as it happens with mammals. The father remains absent, in many cases, and hands over the education of the children to the mother who, depending on whether or not she works outside the home, is more or less omnipresent. The father does not follow the child's life and is relegated to the role of a supreme court and exercises this role only on issues that the mother cannot resolve; in the old days, the father was the punitive power that enforced the laws.

In a family where the father is absent, the boys grow up without a model of identification, and they end up having little connection with the father figure. The girls grow up without the first male experience. Freud was right in this: the relationship we established with the parent of the opposite sex will later be largely repeated. Girls who lack a father, date earlier and tend to fall in love with boys older than them, that is, they are unconsciously not looking for a boyfriend or a friend, but the absent father.

If we think of the famous people, those who have achieved fame in the world of politics, arts, literature, medicine or music etc., we will see that most have devoted themselves entirely to their art, neglecting their children and ended up being bad parents. These are parents who are not known by their children, and these children of theirs tend to be anonymous to the world, inheriting absolutely nothing from their parents.

Have children or have pets
"Let the children be fed first, for it is not fair to take the children’s food and throw it to the dogs."
Mark 7, 27

There are couples who equate having pets with having children. If they were married by the Church, the marriage is invalid because they had promised to have children and educate them according to the Catholic faith. For those who do not believe in the resurrection and eternal life, children are the only way for the human person to immortalize himself. Their genes will not die out, they will live in their children and then in their children's children and so on, from generation to generation.

The amount of money a family in the West spends to maintain a pet is enough for a family in a poor country to live on for months. According to the book of Genesis, we learn that animal is at the service of man; a pet in a house does not provide any service to man. Dogs can guide the blind, help in police work, help the shepherd, and guard a farm; cats hunt rats. Nowadays, what service do pets provide to man? None. It is the man who is at their service.

Having just moved from Ethiopia to Spain, and while I was in a park in Barcelona waiting for the parish Mass to start, I saw a lady walking her dog. At one point, the animal relieved itself and the woman took out a bag from her pocket, picked up the animal’s poo and deposited it in the nearby trash. Then she also took out a tissue paper from her pocket, and cleaned the dog up. I was scandalized, this world humanizes animals and dehumanizes humans!

I heard about a cat that was connected to a machine which was artificially maintaining its vital functions; the veterinarian called the pet owners, informed them that there was nothing else he could to do: in addition to kidney failure, several other vital organs were also no longer functioning, so he suggested turning off the machine and asked for their permission. The cat owners, who even introduced themselves as the cat's family, besides not allowing the machine to be turned off, called the veterinarian cruel.

In a radio show about pets from a London radio station, a woman asked the announcer why her cat, whom she treated like a son, slept with her one day and with her husband the next.  I do not recall what the announcer said, but I do remember very well that he was clearly aghast at the question.

Being a father and a mother is the vocation of every man and woman
As there are many birth parents who never become real fathers or mothers, so there are parents who are not birth parents. For both the child and the adults who act as adoptive parents, the most important point is not the birthing of the child, a task that takes a few minutes for a man and 9 months for a woman. The most important thing is to educate the child.

A colleague of mine, a Consolata missionary like myself, called his birth mother aunt and his aunt mother. They were two sisters, one had a son by accident and later found a boyfriend who wanted to marry her, but did not want the child. So she gave him to her sister, who showered him with much love and raised him with great care. She did not intend to marry and in fact never did, she lived for that boy who later became a great missionary.

No one would deny Mother Teresa of Calcutta the title of Mother, and yet she never gave birth to any child; but she behaved like a mother to hundreds of orphaned children and, with her religious sisters, raised and educated them. Catholic priests who neither marry nor have children are called father, or priest, while Protestant and Orthodox priests who marry and have children are not called fathers. The reason a priest does not marry is precisely to be the spiritual father to his faithful, educating them in faith and so often humanly.

A shot in the foot
The Western society is not having children. Most families in the West cannot afford to have more than one or two children because it is very expensive to raise them. We live in a rich world where life is hard and expensive. For young married couples, both having just gotten their first job, it is not easy to pay for the house and the childcare expenses, which can cost more than the expenses of a university student.

That's the shot in one’s own foot that the West is taking. No young couple can afford with their minimum wage salary to send their son or daughter to a preschool childcare, although things do get easier once the child enters kindergarten. This is, in my view, one of the reasons for the low birth rates: it is less a question of ill will on the part of families, but more a question of economic difficulties that makes raising a child a thing of luxury.

BOOK
(…) All the people gathered together into the square (…) He (Ezra) read from it (the book) facing the square before the Water Gate from early morning until midday, (…) For all the people wept when they heard the words of the law. Nehemiah 8, 1, 3, 9

In the ancient and medieval world, the identity of a people, its way of being and existing, its character, language, worldview and idiosyncrasy were defended and preserved by walls and built by books, epics, and literary works. Today, there are still many fortified cities, such as the Óbidos and the Marvão in Portugal, castles and walls such as the one built by the Romans that divides England from Scotland; and the Great Wall of China which is thousands of kilometers long that divides China in two.

What truly creates a people is its literary work. It is unthinkable to imagine the Jewish people without the Torah, without the books of the law and the prophets. What defines and characterizes the Greek people are the Iliad and Homer's Odyssey; the ex libris of the Italian people is the Divine Comedy of Dante Alighieri; what defines the character of the Spanish people is the Don Quixote de la Mancha of Cervantes; the Russian soul is found in Dostoyevsky’s book The Brothers Karamazov. The Portuguese or Lusitanian soul is in Os Lusíadas of Camões.

Read and travel
"The man who seeks to educate himself must first read, and then travel in order to correct what he has learned" says the proverb. In the ancient world, the trade routes such as the Silk Road, the incense route, the metal route, not only served for the exchange of products, but also for the exchange of ideas and scientific discoveries. Gunpowder was discovered in China, but reached the West via the Silk Road; the trebuchet or the first projectile launcher was engendered in the West, but arrived in China through Marco Polo.

The peoples that developed and progressed the most were the ones that established the best means of communication. It is no coincidence that the most developed peoples were born around the Mediterranean and the great rivers that were, in themselves, trade routes. Isolated peoples, such as the Aborigines in Australia, or the Amazon Indians, have remained primitive to this day.
 
The book is a vehicle of communication, and transfer and exchange of knowledge. It is more effective than the trade routes because it not only unites peoples in the present time, but also of one generation to the next. The book has replaced the culture and oral tradition of passing on knowledge from parents to children. Through oral tradition, knowledge was lost, through book culture, nothing is lost unless books are burned, which is what happened to the library of Alexandria, the best and most extensive library in the ancient world.

Today there are other means of communication, such as radios, televisions and the Internet, which are much simpler to use than the book. That is why books, newspapers, magazines are disappearing as vehicles of culture; but perhaps they will not disappear completely. Some recent studies indicate that we retain more of what we read in a book than what we learn through television or radio. "Words are carried in the wind". I would say that words that come to us orally, through sound, are carried away by the wind because it is the wind that brings them to us in the first place; however, words that come to us through reading stay with us.

Similar studies have been carried out comparing typing on a computer to writing by hand which also seems to be disappearing. These studies prove that we retain much more of what we write by hand than what we type on the computer. This conclusion is important for students who are preparing for exams: instead of just reading the exam materials, it is good to write them down, making summaries by hand, copying them from books.

Throughout the Middle Ages, before the invention of the printing press by Gutenberg in 1439, the distribution of books was made by copyists; thousands of monks in the West devoted themselves to copying books so that these would not disappear. The Renaissance was possible because during the Middle Ages there were monks who copied the classics and kept them safe by hiding them in secret places.

During the time of the copyists, the Bible was certainly the most copied book, and with the invention of the printing press, it was the first book to be printed. It is to this day the best seller in the world. Books are published as long as there are people who read them: here also enters the law of supply and demand.

The Bible continues to be published because it is the ex libris of Christians and Jews, because it is the Revealed Word that does not pertain to a particular time, but to all times, it does not belong to a single culture, but to all cultures, and it does not belong to a specific people, but to all peoples. It is the encounter between God and Man and the salvation history that they have built together.

Libris ex libris fiunt
Books are born of books, says the Latin proverb. Progress at all levels, whether scientific, spiritual or philosophical, is like a relay race. Each of us receives the state of the culture, science, philosophy or theology of our parents’ generation, as a testimony, and during our active lives we develop this culture, science, literature, philosophy or theology, putting our contribution into it before passing this very contribution to our children’s generation.

Made in the image and likeness of God, we are also creative and creators like God. The only difference is that God creates from nothing while man creates from existing elements, through deduction or intuition, by mixing different elements.

In this sense, the Latin proverb that says that books are born of books is revealing. No one writes without having read, investigated and absorbed all existing advances in the art or branch of science that he cultivates. If one writes without investigating, one risks reinventing the wheel or the gunpowder and being ridiculed by one’s peers.

Conclusion – If we are created in the image and likeness of God and are called to be perfect as He is perfect, let us remember that He planted the tree of life and of knowledge in the Garden of Eden, had a Son - Jesus of Nazareth - and inspired or wrote a book - the Bible.

Fr. Jorge Amaro, IMC